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 Experts on Air

Tratamento por cânula de alto fluxo nasal:

Dicas de prática diária

Experts on Air — Tratamento por cânula de alto fluxo nasal Experts on Air — Tratamento por cânula de alto fluxo nasal

Em nossa primeira série de webinars, cinco especialistas internacionais discutiram vários aspectos do tratamento de pacientes com tratamento de cânula de alto fluxo nasal (HFNC) (também conhecido como tratamento de oxigênio de alto fluxo. Essa terminologia pode ser usada alternadamente com o tratamento por cânula de alto fluxo nasal.A​). Os especialistas analisam alguns dos desafios que você pode enfrentar e oferecem suas dicas e conselhos sobre as melhores práticas para melhorar os resultados dos pacientes.

Gravações de vídeo. Assista às sessões

Experts on Air — Paciente certo, tratamento certo, momento certo? Como usar as diretrizes de HFOT

Paciente certo, tratamento certo, momento certo? Como usar as diretrizes de HFOT

Sharon Einav e Tommaso Mauri.

 

Antes de iniciar o tratamento com HFNC, precisamos identificar os critérios do paciente e adaptar o tratamento com base nas diretrizes clínicas. Este webinar analisou os diferentes tipos de pacientes e de que forma eles podem se beneficiar deste tratamento.

Experts on Air — Como otimizar as configurações de tratamento HFNC — Informação de estudos fisiológicos

Como otimizar as configurações de tratamento de HFNC. Informação de estudos fisiológicos

Tommaso Mauri e Jens Bräunlich.

 

De modo a melhorar a fisiologia e os resultados dos pacientes que recebem suporte com HFNC, é fundamental ajustar a taxa de fluxo, a FiO2, a temperatura e o tamanho da cânula com base em variáveis fisiológicas alvo, tais como esforço respiratório, índice ROX, frequência respiratória, etc., assim como no conforto do paciente. Nós nos concentramos em como otimizar o HFNC com essa abordagem baseada na fisiologia.

Experts on Air — Como monitorar pacientes durante o tratamento de HFNC nasal

Como monitorar os pacientes. Durante o tratamento de HFNC nasal

Oriol Roca e Sharon Einav.

 

Para compreender melhor o progresso do tratamento por cânula de alto fluxo nasal, é essencial monitorar os parâmetros respiratórios do paciente, como oxigenação e frequência respiratória. Nesta sessão, abordamos diferentes aspectos do monitoramento respiratório e explicamos como podem ser usados junto ao leito.

Experts on Air — Intubação em caso de insuficiência respiratória hipoxêmica: O tempo é importante?

Intubação em caso de insuficiência respiratória hipoxêmica: O tempo é importante?

Jean-Damien Ricard e Tommaso Mauri.

 

O momento em que um paciente em estado crítico é intubado pode desempenhar um papel importante na sua sobrevivência, especialmente em casos de insuficiência respiratória hipoxêmica. Neste webinar, discutimos quando intubar pacientes em tratamento com HFNC e que parâmetros devem ser considerados.

Experts on Air — HFNC em caso de insuficiência respiratória hipercápnica

HFNC. Em insuficiência respiratória hipercápnica

Jens Bräunlich e Tommaso Mauri.

 

Os estudos mais recentes indicam que HFNC pode ter efeitos benéficos em pacientes com hipercapnia. Neste webinar, analisamos os efeitos que este tratamento pode ter nesses pacientes e como abordar o seu tratamento.

Experts on Air — HFNC fora da terapia intensiva

HFNC. Fora da terapia intensiva

Jean-Damien Ricard e Oriol Roca.

 

A pandemia da COVID-19 fez com que o tratamento com HFNC se tornasse cada vez mais relevante em vários departamentos, incluindo atendimento de emergência, pediatria e enfermarias gerais. Neste webinar, analisamos em que casos esse tratamento poderia ser iniciado para obter melhores resultados para os pacientes.

Experts on Air: Pergunte aos especialistas

Pergunte aos especialistas. Perguntas e respostas

Q&A 1. Paciente certo, tratamento certo, momento certo? Como usar as diretrizes de HFOT

Atualmente não existe qualquer protocolo reconhecido para cirurgia cardíaca congênita

Não existe um protocolo formal para o desmame. (Assista ao próximo webinar no dia 24 de fevereiro sobre otimização das configurações de HFOT).

Os dados são claros sobre o benefício de CPAP, não existe literatura suficiente sobre HFNO.

 

(a) Em pacientes de alto risco/obesos, especialmente após cirurgia torácica e cirurgia abdominal. Considere também ENT se houver secreções. (b) Pode ocorrer um possível problema de pressão nas suturas cirúrgicas com VNI, caso se trate de uma cirurgia gástrica. (c)  Em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca com insucesso de HFNO. Você também pode alternar HFNO com VNI. 

Prevenção: HFNC é bom para o conforto e, possivelmente, para estadias mais curtas. Tratamento:  não conclusivo (não existem pacientes suficientes). A VNI demonstra benefícios, mas não existem dados comparativos suficientes.

Existem três artigos que demonstram a relação custo-benefício de HFNC. Não é, obviamente, para uso indiscriminado.  Em pediatria, existe também literatura que justifica o uso de HFNO para bronquiolite: Buendía JA, Acuña-Cordero R, Rodriguez-Martinez CE. The cost-utility of early use of high-flow nasal cannula in bronchiolitis. Health Econ Rev. 2021;11(1):41. Published 2021 Oct 28. doi:10.1186/s13561-021-00339-71​, Buendía JA, Acuña-Cordero R, Rodriguez-Martinez CE. Budget impact analysis of high-flow nasal cannula for infant bronchiolitis: the Colombian National Health System perspective. Curr Med Res Opin. 2021;37(9):1627-1632. doi:10.1080/03007995.2021.19433422​, Heikkilä P, Forma L, Korppi M. High-flow oxygen therapy is more cost-effective for bronchiolitis than standard treatment-A decision-tree analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51(12):1393-1402. doi:10.1002/ppul.234673

Existe também algum trabalho de custo-utilidade sobre o HFNO para uso doméstico em DPOC que parece bastante convincente: Sørensen SS, Storgaard LH, Weinreich UM. Cost-Effectiveness of Domiciliary High Flow Nasal Cannula Treatment in COPD Patients with Chronic Respiratory Failure. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2021;13:553-564. Published 2021 Jun 18. doi:10.2147/CEOR.S3125234​.

Contraindicações: o paciente não está acordado / não está ninguém a ver/monitorar o paciente (sem alarmes).

Principalmente atraso na intubação; possibilidade de lesão pulmonar autoinfligida.

De modo algum. A vantagem de HFOT está nos altos fluxos. Por isso, se não existir angústia respiratória (ou seja, baixos fluxos) e a suplementação até uma FiO2 de 0,5-0,6 for suficiente, não existe necessidade.

Não foram efetuados RCTs mas existem inúmeros estudos interessantes até ao momento:

Grupo COVID-ICU, para a rede REVA, investigadores COVID-ICU. Benefits and risks of noninvasive oxygenation strategy in COVID-19: a multicenter, prospective cohort study (COVID-ICU) in 137 hospitals. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):421. Published 2021 Dec 8. doi:10.1186/s13054-021-03784-25​: “In patients with COVID-19, HFNC was associated with a reduction in oxygenation failure without improvement in 90-day mortality, whereas NIV was associated with a higher mortality in these patients. “

Ranieri VM, Tonetti T, Navalesi P, et al. High-Flow Nasal Oxygen for Severe Hypoxemia: Oxygenation Response and Outcome in Patients with COVID-19. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;205(4):431-439. doi:10.1164/rccm.202109-2163OC6​: “We analyzed 184 and 131 patients receiving HFNO or NIV, respectively. 112 HFNO, and 69 NIV patients transitioned to IMV. 104 (92.9%) HFNO patients and 66 (95.7%) NIV patients continued to have PaO2/FiO2 ≤300 under IMV…. Overall mortality was 19.0% (35/184) and 24.4% (32/131) for HFNO and NIV, respectively (p=0.2479).”

Perkins GD, Ji C, Connolly BA, et al. Effect of Noninvasive Respiratory Strategies on Intubation or Mortality Among Patients With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure and COVID-19: The RECOVERY-RS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022;327(6):546-558. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.00287​: “Among patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19, an initial strategy of CPAP significantly reduced the risk of tracheal intubation or mortality compared with conventional oxygen therapy, but there was no significant difference between an initial strategy of HFNO compared with conventional oxygen therapy. The study may have been underpowered for the comparison of HFNO vs conventional oxygen therapy.”
Poderá ser uma melhor abordagem do que intubar imediatamente estes pacientes…

Definitivamente sim, embora a literatura ainda não seja suficientemente sólida. Não foram efetuados RCTs mas existem inúmeros estudos interessantes até ao momento (veja a resposta à pergunta anterior).

Sim, usamos um conector específico para traqueostomia. Somente em áreas monitoradas. Não é adequado para pacientes que necessitam de sucção 2 ou mais vezes em cada turno de enfermagem (>duas vezes em 8 horas).

Recomendaria o uso de HFNC em vez de COT e de VNI para todos os pacientes, exceto pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca.

É possível que, no futuro, haja maneiras de identificar esses pacientes com base em suas distribuições de aeração (CT) e WOB (EiT). Ainda não estamos nesse ponto.

O capacete é a interface, não o modo de ventilação. O uso de uma interface por capacete requer experiência. Usamos essa interface em pacientes que são cooperativos e alternamos com HFNO, uma vez que limita a comunicação e alimentação.  

Em termos de modo, BiPAP é definitivamente a primeira linha de tratamento apenas para edema pulmonar (insuficiência cardíaca). Um artigo interessante sobre capacete vs. HFNO para insuficiência cardíaca  (centro único com cerca de 200 pessoas): Osman A, Via G, Sallehuddin RM, et al. Helmet continuous positive airway pressure vs. high flow nasal cannula oxygen in acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2021;10(10):1103-1111. doi:10.1093/ehjacc/zuab0788

Para COVID: 110 pacientes: Grieco DL, Menga LS, Cesarano M, et al. Effect of Helmet Noninvasive Ventilation vs High-Flow Nasal Oxygen on Days Free of Respiratory Support in Patients With COVID-19 and Moderate to Severe Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: The HENIVOT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;325(17):1731-1743. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.46829

Entre pacientes com COVID-19 e hipoxemia moderada a grave, o tratamento com ventilação não invasiva por capacete, em comparação com oxigênio de alto fluxo nasal, não resulta em uma diferença significativa no número de dias sem suporte respiratório em 28 dias.

Alternamos com base na tolerância e resposta dos pacientes.

Definitivamente BiPAP.

O problema é que os tempos médios de apneia nos estudos para metaanálise foram <2 minutos e até <1 em pacientes de terapia intensiva. Além disso, a maioria dos pacientes incluídos nestes estudos não apresentava hipóxia grave, não havia dados sobre intubações difíceis e não havia dados suficientes sobre obesidade (um estudo) e não havia dados sobre gravidez. Por isso, de modo geral, concordo com sua impressão clínica e utilizamos ela durante as intubações de pacientes com hipoxemia em nossa UTI.

Também pode existir lesão pulmonar autoinfligida com HFNO, mas é muito difícil de medir clinicamente. Somente existem evidências diretas de lesões pulmonares autoinfligidas em casos neonatais com barotrauma/volutrauma, porém temos que assumir que também existe a possibilidade em pacientes adultos.

Pelo menos, 30 litros por minuto. (Assista ao próximo webinar no dia 24 de fevereiro sobre otimização das configurações de HFOT.)

Q&A 2. Como otimizar as configurações de HFOT — Informação de estudos fisiológicos

O desmame de HFNC deve ser gradual, uma vez que se trata de um suporte potente não invasivo. FiO2 pode ser a primeira configuração a ser diminuída, enquanto o fluxo pode ser reduzido com segurança depois de FiO2 se tornar <50%. Quando FiO2 for <40% com fluxo <40 l/min, transitar para oxigênio padrão, por exemplo para dar alta da UTI ao paciente. Tal pode ser tentado com 2 horas de monitorização rigorosa.

Consultar acima.

O artigo de Pinkham et al. mencionado no meu webinar é bastante recente e confirma valores entre 2 e 5 cmH2O (Pinkham M, Tatkov S. Effect of flow and cannula size on generated pressure during nasal high flow. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):248. Published 2020 May 24. doi:10.1186/s13054-020-02980-w10​).

Eu seria cauteloso: no estudo da Crit Care 2020 sobre fluxos > 60 l/min, usamos 2 umidificadores. 

Consultar acima.

Usamos HFNC com NGT, geralmente com uma cânula mais pequena, tendo cuidado com o posicionamento exato e verificando periodicamente. 

O aerosol não deve constituir um problema, HFNC pode melhorar até o fornecimento para as vias aéreas distais, consulte Reminiac F, Vecellio L, Bodet-Contentin L, et al. Nasal high-flow bronchodilator nebulization: a randomized cross-over study. Ann Intensive Care. 2018;8(1):128. Published 2018 Dec 20. doi:10.1186/s13613-018-0473-811​.

Sim, se o alto fluxo estiver conectado a uma máscara, estaria simplesmente a fornecer muito oxigênio e provavelmente perderia o efeito de PEEP (sem oclusão das narinas) e a eliminação de CO2 (sem fluxo direto nas vias aéreas superiores), pessoalmente, evitaria esse método.

Não, a liberação de CO2 não é afetada desde que exista uma circulação de gás, a boca aberta e o efeito venturi podem reduzir a FiO2 alveolar e o efeito de PEEP, determinando uma deterioração da oxigenação.

 

Normalmente, usamos EIT por meio de monitoramento contínuo da impedância do final da expiração antes e depois do início de HFNC.

Q&A 3. Como monitorar pacientes durante HFOT nasal

OSI é o índice de saturação de oxigênio. É normalmente definido como [Fio2 × pressão média das vias aéreas × 100)/saturação de oxigênio por oximetria de pulso (Spo2)] e prevê resultados de pacientes ventilados mecanicamente. No caso de pacientes em HFNC, MAP pode ser estimada pelo nível de fluxo fornecido, mas não existem dados disponíveis sobre sua utilidade.

Provavelmente não existe uma única variável que reflita a resposta ao tratamento. Acredito que várias coisas acontecem quando o paciente está bem: melhoria da oxigenação, diminuição na frequência respiratória, alívio da sensação de dispneia… Em relação ao fluxo correto, sabemos que a maior parte dos efeitos é dependente do fluxo e, portanto, quando iniciamos o tratamento em pacientes com insuficiência respiratória hipoxêmica aguda, tentamos usar o fluxo tolerado mais alto. Contudo, não podemos começar com 60 l/min, pois, o paciente não o tolera. Por isso, começamos com 40 l/min e assim que o paciente estiver habituado a receber essa quantidade de fluxo, aumentamos progressivamente até aos 60 l/min. Geralmente, este aumento pode ser feito nos primeiros 30 minutos do tratamento.

(Nota do editor: os "aspetos" foram atendidos como "variáveis" para o propósito desta resposta) Exame clínico, frequência respiratória, uso dos músculos acessórios, assincronia tóraco-abdominal, SpO2, FiO2

Não existe um prazo específico para a melhoria esperada. No entanto, é verdade que alguns limiares de diferentes variáveis foram descritos como preditores do insucesso de HFNC em diferentes momentos.  

O uso dos músculos acessórios sugere que o esforço inspiratório é excessivo. Da mesma forma, PaCO2 baixa ou uma oscilação negativa na PVC também podem sugerir o mesmo. (Consulte também o segundo webinar para obter uma resposta a esta questão.)

Não espero. Se o paciente não estiver respondendo ao tratamento, tento aumentar o fluxo até o máximo tolerado. E se, mesmo assim, o paciente não estiver respondendo, é preciso aumentar o tratamento. 

Às vezes, as evidências são controversas porque os critérios para intubação podem variar muito entre diferentes países, hospitais ou até mesmo médicos da mesma UTI. Assim, alguns estudos compararam a intubação precoce com a intubação tardia, considerando o momento de admissão na UTI como momento 0. A maioria dos estudos demonstrou que a intubação precoce está associada a melhores resultados. Por outras palavras, a intubação tardia pode estar associada ao aumento da mortalidade. 

Minha sugestão seria não basear a decisão de intubar um paciente somente em um número. O exame clínico do paciente é extremamente importante. O índice ROX pode ajudá-lo a decidir se o paciente está indo bem ou não, pois, pode repetir a medição várias vezes. A vantagem do índice ROX é basear-se em variáveis fisiológicas que determinam o resultado (necessidade de intubação). Em uma revisão na ICM com Jean-Damien Ricard em 2020, propusemos um algoritmo que pode ajudar e que estamos a testar agora em um RCT.

 

Em nossa prática clínica, raramente fazemos isso. Existe uma boa correlação entre SpO2 e PaO2 se mantiver SpO2 a < 98%. 

Geralmente, estes pacientes precisam de fluxos mais baixos e se beneficiam mais de umidificação ativa que melhora a eliminação de secreções. Contudo, eu basearia minhas decisões da mesma forma que para os pacientes em HFNC. 

Conforme referi anteriormente, nunca tomaria uma decisão baseada apenas em um número. Considero que o valor ROX deve ser combinado com o exame clínico do paciente.

Q&A 4. Intubação em caso de insuficiência respiratória hipoxêmica: O tempo é importante?

Muitos estudos observacionais sugeriram que NHF evita a intubação. A impressão clínica foi demonstrada de forma inequívoca em um estudo randomizado de grande escala (Frat JP, Thille AW, Mercat A, et al. High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(23):2185-2196. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa150332612​). Neste estudo, os pacientes com maior risco de intubação (ou seja, pacientes com PaO2/FiO2 inferior a 200) e que receberam NHF foram significativamente menos intubados do que aqueles que receberam VNI ou oxigênio padrão. Mais recentemente, inúmeros estudos realizados em SARA relacionada à COVID confirmaram a prevenção da intubação com o uso de NHF (Grupo COVID-ICU, para a rede REVA, investigadores COVID-ICU. Benefits and risks of noninvasive oxygenation strategy in COVID-19: a multicenter, prospective cohort study (COVID-ICU) in 137 hospitals. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):421. Published 2021 Dec 8. doi:10.1186/s13054-021-03784-213​, ​Ospina-Tascón GA, Calderón-Tapia LE, García AF, et al. Effect of High-Flow Oxygen Therapy vs Conventional Oxygen Therapy on Invasive Mechanical Ventilation and Clinical Recovery in Patients With Severe COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial [published correction appears in JAMA. 2022 Mar 15;327(11):1093]. JAMA. 2021;326(21):2161-2171. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.2071414​).

De referir que os dados são menos conclusivos em pacientes com doenças hematológicas ou oncológicas.
 

Se a pergunta poder ser interpretada como "É razoável começar NHF e talvez escalar para ventilação invasiva em pacientes com mais de 65 anos de idade", a resposta é sim. Contudo, os pacientes e a família devem ser informados que o prognóstico é muito menos favorável do que em pacientes mais jovens. Minha opinião é que a intubação deve ser discutida individualmente para pacientes acima dos 70-75 anos, dependendo da presença de comorbidades e da condição física do paciente antes de ser infectado pela COVID.

Sim, por pelo menos dois motivos. Primeiro, apesar de existir — a um nível coorte — uma relação entre a importância do envolvimento pulmonar e o resultado, a um nível individual, por vezes tivemos uma recuperação muito rápida, apesar de uma avaliação radiológica inicial desfavorável. Em segundo lugar, o fenótipo radiológico também desempenha um papel importante (tínhamos a impressão de que o vidro fosco muito difuso era menos "mau" do que a consolidação). E, por fim, mesmo que o paciente esteja sob alto risco de intubação, NHF pode ser iniciado e ajudará a pré-oxigenar o paciente, servindo como oxigenação apneica durante a laringoscopia.  

Não tenho ainda qualquer experiência pessoal com 100 l/min. Minha opinião é que, como existe uma relação linear entre o fluxo e a pressão positiva e a eliminação de espaço morto, isto sugere que os efeitos benéficos de NHF são mais importantes em fluxos de 100 l/min do que fluxos de 60. Obviamente, a questão da tolerância continua a ser fundamental. Precisamos de mais dados sobre a tolerância destes fluxos muito altos.

Essa é uma questão muito ampla e diversas conferências de consenso foram dedicadas à mesma. Tenha em conta vários fatores: 1) Não existe teste ou grupo de parâmetros 100% seguro que preveja a extubação segura; 2) A reintubação ocorrerá em 10% a 20% dos pacientes; 3) Extubações não planejadas não levam sistematicamente à reintubação (somente aprox. 40%). Isto significa que nós, como médicos, devemos permanecer modestos quanto à nossa capacidade de prever o resultado da extubação. Realize sempre um teste com uma peça em T ou um teste de respiratória espontânea com suporte de pressão mínima. Quando começar estes testes? Após a resolução parcial ou completa do motivo que levou à intubação. Estabilidade hemodinâmica sem vasopressores, FiO2 < 40%, PEEP < 5, sem ou pouco comprometimento neurológico e cognitivo, tosse adequada, sem ou pouca fraqueza muscular. 

Q&A 5. HFNC em caso de insuficiência respiratória hipercápnica

Podem existir dois motivos possíveis: 1. Pode tratar-se de uma ventilação e umidade endobrônquica otimizadas, o que leva a uma redução do desencadeamento de uma exacerbação de DPOC 2. Prevenção da deterioração dos sintomas em caso de surgimento de exacerbação.

Após mais alguns estudos clínicos sobre a eficácia, isto poderia ser a próxima etapa para otimizar o tratamento com NHF.

Temos a mesma experiência.

Q&A 6. HFNC fora da terapia intensiva

Em minha UTI, realizamos alto fluxo nasal em pacientes com COVID-19 durante todos os surtos consecutivos em salas sem pressão negativa, sem que houvesse contaminação da equipe. Portanto, a resposta, em minha opinião, é sim, o alto fluxo nasal pode ser realizado em uma sala sem pressão negativa, desde que a equipe esteja devidamente equipada com EPI.

(Nota do editor: Esta pergunta foi interpretada como "Que parâmetros de segurança devem ser observados ao usar HFOT fora da UTI?"). Não existe uma resposta definitiva a esta pergunta, pois depende da distância em que o alto fluxo nasal é realizado relativamente à UTI, do treinamento da equipe para realizar e monitorar o alto fluxo nasal em pacientes com insuficiência respiratória aguda, se estes pacientes terão ou não uma medição contínua de SpO2, etc. Tendo isto em conta, acredito que FiO2 deve ser limitada, e não exceder os 60%; SpO2 não deve ser inferior a 92-94%; a frequência respiratória não deve ser superior a 25-28. Se os pacientes estiverem fora de algum destes alvos, um médico da UTI deve ser chamado para os avaliar.  

Pessoalmente, não tenho dados ou experiência sobre essa questão. Em minha opinião, se não houver a possibilidade de fornecimento elétrico, será problemático não ter qualquer tipo de umidificação. Se uma bateria externa estiver disponível e cobrir todo o tempo de voo, então não vejo motivos "técnicos" para que esse dispositivo não possa ser operado durante o voo de helicóptero  (Nota do editor: De acordo com nosso conhecimento, não existe atualmente qualquer dispositivo de umidificação aprovado para transporte.)

O índice ROX foi estabelecido e validado em pacientes adultos (acima dos 18 anos) com insuficiência respiratória hipoxêmica aguda relacionada à pneumonia. Faz sentido aplicá-lo a pacientes mais jovens, cujas características fisiológicas sejam semelhantes às dos pacientes adultos. Tenho conhecimento de pelo menos uma publicação em que a classificação ROX foi estabelecida em uma população pediátrica: Yildizdas D, Yontem A, Iplik G, Horoz OO, Ekinci F. Predicting nasal high-flow therapy failure by pediatric respiratory rate-oxygenation index and pediatric respiratory rate-oxygenation index variation in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(4):1099-1106. doi:10.1007/s00431-020-03847-615​.

Vários estudos demonstram que o uso de alto fluxo nasal reduziu a taxa de intubação em crianças internadas por insuficiência respiratória devido a bronquiolites: Franklin D, Babl FE, Schlapbach LJ, et al. A Randomized Trial of High-Flow Oxygen Therapy in Infants with Bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(12):1121-1131. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa171485516​ and Schibler A, Pham TM, Dunster KR, et al. Reduced intubation rates for infants after introduction of high-flow nasal prong oxygen delivery. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(5):847-852. doi:10.1007/s00134-011-2177-517​.

Não existem dados semelhantes para pacientes adultos, muito provavelmente porque a situação clínica da bronquiolite em adultos está menos definida e, por conseguinte, muito menos frequente.

Aviso de Isenção de Responsabilidade

Os conteúdos desta página são apenas para fins informativos e não se destinam a substituir a formação profissional ou as diretrizes de tratamento padrão em sua instituição. As respostas às perguntas desta página foram preparadas pelo palestrante do respectivo webinar;  quaisquer recomendações feitas aqui relativamente à prática clínica ou ao uso de produtos, tecnologias ou tratamentos específicos representam apenas a opinião pessoal do palestrante , e não devem ser consideradas como recomendações oficiais feitas pela Hamilton Medical AG. A Hamilton Medical AG não oferece qualquer garantia a respeito das informações contidas nesta página e a adoção de qualquer parte das mesmas é exclusivamente por sua conta e risco.

References

  1. 1. Buendía JA, Acuña-Cordero R, Rodriguez-Martinez CE. The cost-utility of early use of high-flow nasal cannula in bronchiolitis. Health Econ Rev. 2021;11(1):41. Published 2021 Oct 28. doi:10.1186/s13561-021-00339-7
  2. 2. Buendía JA, Acuña-Cordero R, Rodriguez-Martinez CE. Budget impact analysis of high-flow nasal cannula for infant bronchiolitis: the Colombian National Health System perspective. Curr Med Res Opin. 2021;37(9):1627-1632. doi:10.1080/03007995.2021.1943342
  3. 3. Heikkilä P, Forma L, Korppi M. High-flow oxygen therapy is more cost-effective for bronchiolitis than standard treatment-A decision-tree analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51(12):1393-1402. doi:10.1002/ppul.23467
  4. 4. Sørensen SS, Storgaard LH, Weinreich UM. Cost-Effectiveness of Domiciliary High Flow Nasal Cannula Treatment in COPD Patients with Chronic Respiratory Failure. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2021;13:553-564. Published 2021 Jun 18. doi:10.2147/CEOR.S312523
  5. 5. COVID-ICU group, for the REVA network, COVID-ICU investigators. Benefits and risks of noninvasive oxygenation strategy in COVID-19: a multicenter, prospective cohort study (COVID-ICU) in 137 hospitals. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):421. Published 2021 Dec 8. doi:10.1186/s13054-021-03784-2
  6. 6. Ranieri VM, Tonetti T, Navalesi P, et al. High-Flow Nasal Oxygen for Severe Hypoxemia: Oxygenation Response and Outcome in Patients with COVID-19. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;205(4):431-439. doi:10.1164/rccm.202109-2163OC
  7. 7. Perkins GD, Ji C, Connolly BA, et al. Effect of Noninvasive Respiratory Strategies on Intubation or Mortality Among Patients With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure and COVID-19: The RECOVERY-RS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022;327(6):546-558. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.0028
  8. 8. Osman A, Via G, Sallehuddin RM, et al. Helmet continuous positive airway pressure vs. high flow nasal cannula oxygen in acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2021;10(10):1103-1111. doi:10.1093/ehjacc/zuab078

 

  1. 9. Grieco DL, Menga LS, Cesarano M, et al. Effect of Helmet Noninvasive Ventilation vs High-Flow Nasal Oxygen on Days Free of Respiratory Support in Patients With COVID-19 and Moderate to Severe Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: The HENIVOT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;325(17):1731-1743. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.4682
  2. 10. Pinkham M, Tatkov S. Effect of flow and cannula size on generated pressure during nasal high flow. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):248. Published 2020 May 24. doi:10.1186/s13054-020-02980-w
  3. 11. Reminiac F, Vecellio L, Bodet-Contentin L, et al. Nasal high-flow bronchodilator nebulization: a randomized cross-over study. Ann Intensive Care. 2018;8(1):128. Published 2018 Dec 20. doi:10.1186/s13613-018-0473-8
  4. 12. Frat JP, Thille AW, Mercat A, et al. High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(23):2185-2196. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1503326
  5. 14. Ospina-Tascón GA, Calderón-Tapia LE, García AF, et al. Effect of High-Flow Oxygen Therapy vs Conventional Oxygen Therapy on Invasive Mechanical Ventilation and Clinical Recovery in Patients With Severe COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial [published correction appears in JAMA. 2022 Mar 15;327(11):1093]. JAMA. 2021;326(21):2161-2171. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.20714
  6. 15. Yildizdas D, Yontem A, Iplik G, Horoz OO, Ekinci F. Predicting nasal high-flow therapy failure by pediatric respiratory rate-oxygenation index and pediatric respiratory rate-oxygenation index variation in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(4):1099-1106. doi:10.1007/s00431-020-03847-6
  7. 16. Franklin D, Babl FE, Schlapbach LJ, et al. A Randomized Trial of High-Flow Oxygen Therapy in Infants with Bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(12):1121-1131. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1714855
  8. 17. Schibler A, Pham TM, Dunster KR, et al. Reduced intubation rates for infants after introduction of high-flow nasal prong oxygen delivery. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(5):847-852. doi:10.1007/s00134-011-2177-5

Footnotes

  • A. Também conhecido como tratamento de oxigênio de alto fluxo. Essa terminologia pode ser usada alternadamente com o tratamento por cânula de alto fluxo nasal.

 

The cost-utility of early use of high-flow nasal cannula in bronchiolitis.

Buendía JA, Acuña-Cordero R, Rodriguez-Martinez CE. The cost-utility of early use of high-flow nasal cannula in bronchiolitis. Health Econ Rev. 2021;11(1):41. Published 2021 Oct 28. doi:10.1186/s13561-021-00339-7

BACKGROUND High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen is a non-invasive ventilation system that was introduced as an alternative to CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure), with a marked increase in its use in pediatric care settings. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of early use of HFNC compared to oxygen by nasal cannula in an infant with bronchiolitis in the emergency setting. METHODS A decision tree model was used to estimate the cost-effectiveness of HFNC compared with oxygen by nasal cannula (control strategy) in an infant with bronchiolitis in the emergency setting. Cost data were obtained from a retrospective study on bronchiolitis from tertiary centers in Rionegro, Colombia, while utilities were collected from the literature. RESULTS The QALYs per patient calculated in the base-case model were 0.9141 (95% CI 0.913-0.915) in the HFNC and 0.9105 (95% CI 0.910-0.911) in control group. The cost per patient was US$368 (95% CI US$ 323-411) in HFNC and US$441 (95% CI US$ 384-498) per patient in the control group. CONCLUSIONS HFNC was cost-effective HFNC compared to oxygen by nasal cannula in an infant with bronchiolitis in the emergency setting. The use of this technology in emergency settings will allow a more efficient use of resources, especially in low-resource countries with high prevalence of bronchiolitis .

Budget impact analysis of high-flow nasal cannula for infant bronchiolitis: the Colombian National Health System perspective.

Buendía JA, Acuña-Cordero R, Rodriguez-Martinez CE. Budget impact analysis of high-flow nasal cannula for infant bronchiolitis: the Colombian National Health System perspective. Curr Med Res Opin. 2021;37(9):1627-1632. doi:10.1080/03007995.2021.1943342

BACKGROUND High-flow nasal cannula is a non-invasive ventilation system that was introduced as an alternative to continuous positive airway pressure), with a marked increase in its use in pediatric care settings. However, the expected budget impact of this intervention has not been explicitly estimated. This study aimed to evaluate the budget impact of the high-flow nasal cannula for acute bronchiolitis in Colombia. METHODS A budget impact analysis was performed to evaluate the potential financial impact deriving from high-flow nasal cannula during 2020. The analysis considered a 5-year time horizon and Colombian National Health System perspective. The incremental budget impact was calculated by subtracting the cost of the new treatment, in which a high-flow nasal cannula is reimbursed, from the cost of the conventional treatment without a high-flow nasal cannula (supplemental oxygen through a nasal cannula up to a maximum of 2 liters per minute). Univariate one-way sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS In the base-case analysis the 5-year costs associated with high-flow nasal cannula and no- high-flow nasal cannula were estimated to be US$159,585,618 and US$172,751,689 respectively, indicating savings for Colombian National Health equal to US$13,166,071 if the high-flow nasal cannula is adopted for the routine management of patients with acute bronchiolitis. This result was robust in univariate sensitivity one-way analysis. CONCLUSION High-flow nasal cannula was cost-saving in emergency settings for treating infants with acute bronchiolitis. This evidence can be used by decision-makers in our country to improve clinical practice guidelines and should be replicated to validate their results in other middle-income countries.

High-flow oxygen therapy is more cost-effective for bronchiolitis than standard treatment-A decision-tree analysis.

Heikkilä P, Forma L, Korppi M. High-flow oxygen therapy is more cost-effective for bronchiolitis than standard treatment-A decision-tree analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51(12):1393-1402. doi:10.1002/ppul.23467

We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) to provide additional oxygen for infants with bronchiolitis, compared to standard low-flow therapy. The cost-effectiveness was evaluated by decision analyses, using decision tree modeling, and was based on real costs from our recently published retrospective case-control study. The data on the effectiveness of HFNC treatment were collected from earlier published retrospective studies, using admission rates to pediatric intensive care units (PICU). The analyses in the study showed that the expected treatment costs of each episode of infant bronchiolitis varied between €1,312-2,644 ($1,786-3,600) in the HFNC group and €1,598-3,764 ($2,175-5,125) in the standard treatment group. The PICU admission rates and consequential costs were lower for HFNC than for standard treatment. HFNC treatment proved more cost-effective than standard treatment in all the baseline analyses and was also more cost-effective in the sensitivity analyses, except for in the worst-case scenario analysis. In conclusion, our modeling demonstrated that HFNC was strongly cost-effective for infant bronchiolitis, compared to standard treatment because it was both more effective and less expensive. Thus, if children hospitalized for bronchiolitis need oxygen, it should be delivered as HFNC treatment. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:1393-1402. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Cost-Effectiveness of Domiciliary High Flow Nasal Cannula Treatment in COPD Patients with Chronic Respiratory Failure.

Sørensen SS, Storgaard LH, Weinreich UM. Cost-Effectiveness of Domiciliary High Flow Nasal Cannula Treatment in COPD Patients with Chronic Respiratory Failure. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2021;13:553-564. Published 2021 Jun 18. doi:10.2147/CEOR.S312523

PURPOSE To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of long-term domiciliary high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) treatment in COPD patients with chronic respiratory failure. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cohort of 200 COPD patients were equally randomized into usual care ± HFNC and followed for 12 months. The outcome of the analysis was the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained, and the analysis was conducted from a healthcare sector perspective. Data on the patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL), gathered throughout the trial using the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), was converted into EQ-5D-3L health state utility values. Costs were estimated using Danish registers and valued in British pounds (£) at price level 2019. Scenario analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the uncertainty of the results. RESULTS The adjusted mean difference in QALYs between the HFNC group and the control group was 0.059 (95% CI: 0.017; 0.101), and the adjusted mean difference in total costs was £212 (95% CI: -1572; 1995). The analysis resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of £3605 per QALY gained. At threshold values of £20.000-30.000 per QALY gained, the intervention had an 83-92% probability of being cost-effective. The scenario analyses all revealed ICERs below the set threshold value and demonstrated the robustness of the main result. CONCLUSION This is the first cost-effectiveness study on domiciliary HFNC in Europe. The findings demonstrate that long-term domiciliary HFNC treatment is very likely to be a cost-effective addition to usual care for COPD patients with chronic respiratory failure. The results must be interpreted in light of the uncertainty associated with the indirect estimation of health state utilities.

Benefits and risks of noninvasive oxygenation strategy in COVID-19: a multicenter, prospective cohort study (COVID-ICU) in 137 hospitals.

COVID-ICU group, for the REVA network, COVID-ICU investigators. Benefits and risks of noninvasive oxygenation strategy in COVID-19: a multicenter, prospective cohort study (COVID-ICU) in 137 hospitals. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):421. Published 2021 Dec 8. doi:10.1186/s13054-021-03784-2

RATIONAL To evaluate the respective impact of standard oxygen, high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and noninvasive ventilation (NIV) on oxygenation failure rate and mortality in COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). METHODS Multicenter, prospective cohort study (COVID-ICU) in 137 hospitals in France, Belgium, and Switzerland. Demographic, clinical, respiratory support, oxygenation failure, and survival data were collected. Oxygenation failure was defined as either intubation or death in the ICU without intubation. Variables independently associated with oxygenation failure and Day-90 mortality were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS From February 25 to May 4, 2020, 4754 patients were admitted in ICU. Of these, 1491 patients were not intubated on the day of ICU admission and received standard oxygen therapy (51%), HFNC (38%), or NIV (11%) (P < 0.001). Oxygenation failure occurred in 739 (50%) patients (678 intubation and 61 death). For standard oxygen, HFNC, and NIV, oxygenation failure rate was 49%, 48%, and 60% (P < 0.001). By multivariate analysis, HFNC (odds ratio [OR] 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.36-0.99, P = 0.013) but not NIV (OR 1.57, 95% CI 0.78-3.21) was associated with a reduction in oxygenation failure). Overall 90-day mortality was 21%. By multivariable analysis, HFNC was not associated with a change in mortality (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.61-1.33), while NIV was associated with increased mortality (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.79-4.21, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In patients with COVID-19, HFNC was associated with a reduction in oxygenation failure without improvement in 90-day mortality, whereas NIV was associated with a higher mortality in these patients. Randomized controlled trials are needed.

High-Flow Nasal Oxygen for Severe Hypoxemia: Oxygenation Response and Outcome in Patients with COVID-19.

Ranieri VM, Tonetti T, Navalesi P, et al. High-Flow Nasal Oxygen for Severe Hypoxemia: Oxygenation Response and Outcome in Patients with COVID-19. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;205(4):431-439. doi:10.1164/rccm.202109-2163OC

Rationale: The "Berlin definition" of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) does not allow inclusion of patients receiving high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO). However, several articles have proposed that criteria for defining ARDS should be broadened to allow inclusion of patients receiving HFNO. Objectives: To compare the proportion of patients fulfilling ARDS criteria during HFNO and soon after intubation, and 28-day mortality between patients treated exclusively with HFNO and patients transitioned from HFNO to invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Methods: From previously published studies, we analyzed patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) who had PaO2/FiO2 of ⩽300 while treated with ⩾40 L/min HFNO, or noninvasive ventilation (NIV) with positive end-expiratory pressure of ⩾5 cm H2O (comparator). In patients transitioned from HFNO/NIV to invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), we compared ARDS severity during HFNO/NIV and soon after IMV. We compared 28-day mortality in patients treated exclusively with HFNO/NIV versus patients transitioned to IMV. Measurements and Main Results: We analyzed 184 and 131 patients receiving HFNO or NIV, respectively. A total of 112 HFNO and 69 NIV patients transitioned to IMV. Of those, 104 (92.9%) patients on HFNO and 66 (95.7%) on NIV continued to have PaO2/FiO2 ⩽300 under IMV. Twenty-eight-day mortality in patients who remained on HFNO was 4.2% (3/72), whereas in patients transitioned from HFNO to IMV, it was 28.6% (32/112) (P < 0.001). Twenty-eight-day mortality in patients who remained on NIV was 1.6% (1/62), whereas in patients who transitioned from NIV to IMV, it was 44.9% (31/69) (P < 0.001). Overall mortality was 19.0% (35/184) and 24.4% (32/131) for HFNO and NIV, respectively (P = 0.2479). Conclusions: Broadening the ARDS definition to include patients on HFNO with PaO2/FiO2 ⩽300 may identify patients at earlier stages of disease but with lower mortality.

Effect of Noninvasive Respiratory Strategies on Intubation or Mortality Among Patients With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure and COVID-19: The RECOVERY-RS Randomized Clinical Trial.

Perkins GD, Ji C, Connolly BA, et al. Effect of Noninvasive Respiratory Strategies on Intubation or Mortality Among Patients With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure and COVID-19: The RECOVERY-RS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022;327(6):546-558. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.0028

Importance Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) have been recommended for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19. Uncertainty exists regarding the effectiveness and safety of these noninvasive respiratory strategies. Objective To determine whether either CPAP or HFNO, compared with conventional oxygen therapy, improves clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19-related acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Design, Setting, and Participants A parallel group, adaptive, randomized clinical trial of 1273 hospitalized adults with COVID-19-related acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. The trial was conducted between April 6, 2020, and May 3, 2021, across 48 acute care hospitals in the UK and Jersey. Final follow-up occurred on June 20, 2021. Interventions Adult patients were randomized to receive CPAP (n = 380), HFNO (n = 418), or conventional oxygen therapy (n = 475). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was a composite of tracheal intubation or mortality within 30 days. Results The trial was stopped prematurely due to declining COVID-19 case numbers in the UK and the end of the funded recruitment period. Of the 1273 randomized patients (mean age, 57.4 [95% CI, 56.7 to 58.1] years; 66% male; 65% White race), primary outcome data were available for 1260. Crossover between interventions occurred in 17.1% of participants (15.3% in the CPAP group, 11.5% in the HFNO group, and 23.6% in the conventional oxygen therapy group). The requirement for tracheal intubation or mortality within 30 days was significantly lower with CPAP (36.3%; 137 of 377 participants) vs conventional oxygen therapy (44.4%; 158 of 356 participants) (absolute difference, -8% [95% CI, -15% to -1%], P = .03), but was not significantly different with HFNO (44.3%; 184 of 415 participants) vs conventional oxygen therapy (45.1%; 166 of 368 participants) (absolute difference, -1% [95% CI, -8% to 6%], P = .83). Adverse events occurred in 34.2% (130/380) of participants in the CPAP group, 20.6% (86/418) in the HFNO group, and 13.9% (66/475) in the conventional oxygen therapy group. Conclusions and Relevance Among patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19, an initial strategy of CPAP significantly reduced the risk of tracheal intubation or mortality compared with conventional oxygen therapy, but there was no significant difference between an initial strategy of HFNO compared with conventional oxygen therapy. The study may have been underpowered for the comparison of HFNO vs conventional oxygen therapy, and early study termination and crossover among the groups should be considered when interpreting the findings. Trial Registration isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN16912075.

Helmet continuous positive airway pressure vs. high flow nasal cannula oxygen in acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a randomized controlled trial.

Osman A, Via G, Sallehuddin RM, et al. Helmet continuous positive airway pressure vs. high flow nasal cannula oxygen in acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2021;10(10):1103-1111. doi:10.1093/ehjacc/zuab078

AIMS Non-invasive ventilation represents an established treatment for acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (ACPO) although no data regarding the best ventilatory strategy are available. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of helmet CPAP (hCPAP) and high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in the early treatment of ACPO. METHODS AND RESULTS Single-centre randomized controlled trial of patients admitted to the emergency department due to ACPO with hypoxemia and dyspnoea on face mask oxygen therapy. Patients were randomly assigned with a 1:1 ratio to receive hCPAP or HFNC and FiO2 set to achieve an arterial oxygen saturation >94%. The primary outcome was a reduction in respiratory rate; secondary outcomes included changes in heart rate, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, Heart rate, Acidosis, Consciousness, Oxygenation, and Respiratory rate (HACOR) score, Dyspnoea Scale, and intubation rate. Data were collected before hCPAP/HFNC placement and after 1 h of treatment. Amongst 188 patients randomized, hCPAP was more effective than HFNC in reducing respiratory rate [-12 (95% CI; 11-13) vs. -9 (95% CI; 8-10), P < 0.001] and was associated with greater heart rate reduction [-20 (95% CI; 17-23) vs. -15 (95% CI; 12-18), P = 0.042], P/F ratio improvement [+149 (95% CI; 135-163) vs. +120 (95% CI; 107-132), P = 0.003] as well as in HACOR scores [6 (0-12) vs. 4 (2-9), P < 0.001] and Dyspnoea Scale [4 (1-7) vs. 3.5 (1-6), P = 0.003]. No differences in intubation rate were noted (P = 0.321). CONCLUSION Amongst patients with ACPO, hCPAP resulted in a greater short-term improvement in respiratory and hemodynamic parameters as compared with HFNC. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical trial submission: NMRR-17-1839-36966 (IIR). Registry name: Medical Research and Ethics Committee of Malaysia Ministry of Health. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04005092. URL registry: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04005092.

Effect of Helmet Noninvasive Ventilation vs High-Flow Nasal Oxygen on Days Free of Respiratory Support in Patients With COVID-19 and Moderate to Severe Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: The HENIVOT Randomized Clinical Trial.

Grieco DL, Menga LS, Cesarano M, et al. Effect of Helmet Noninvasive Ventilation vs High-Flow Nasal Oxygen on Days Free of Respiratory Support in Patients With COVID-19 and Moderate to Severe Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: The HENIVOT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;325(17):1731-1743. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.4682

Importance High-flow nasal oxygen is recommended as initial treatment for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and is widely applied in patients with COVID-19. Objective To assess whether helmet noninvasive ventilation can increase the days free of respiratory support in patients with COVID-19 compared with high-flow nasal oxygen alone. Design, Setting, and Participants Multicenter randomized clinical trial in 4 intensive care units (ICUs) in Italy between October and December 2020, end of follow-up February 11, 2021, including 109 patients with COVID-19 and moderate to severe hypoxemic respiratory failure (ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen ≤200). Interventions Participants were randomly assigned to receive continuous treatment with helmet noninvasive ventilation (positive end-expiratory pressure, 10-12 cm H2O; pressure support, 10-12 cm H2O) for at least 48 hours eventually followed by high-flow nasal oxygen (n = 54) or high-flow oxygen alone (60 L/min) (n = 55). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the number of days free of respiratory support within 28 days after enrollment. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of patients who required endotracheal intubation within 28 days from study enrollment, the number of days free of invasive mechanical ventilation at day 28, the number of days free of invasive mechanical ventilation at day 60, in-ICU mortality, in-hospital mortality, 28-day mortality, 60-day mortality, ICU length of stay, and hospital length of stay. Results Among 110 patients who were randomized, 109 (99%) completed the trial (median age, 65 years [interquartile range {IQR}, 55-70]; 21 women [19%]). The median days free of respiratory support within 28 days after randomization were 20 (IQR, 0-25) in the helmet group and 18 (IQR, 0-22) in the high-flow nasal oxygen group, a difference that was not statistically significant (mean difference, 2 days [95% CI, -2 to 6]; P = .26). Of 9 prespecified secondary outcomes reported, 7 showed no significant difference. The rate of endotracheal intubation was significantly lower in the helmet group than in the high-flow nasal oxygen group (30% vs 51%; difference, -21% [95% CI, -38% to -3%]; P = .03). The median number of days free of invasive mechanical ventilation within 28 days was significantly higher in the helmet group than in the high-flow nasal oxygen group (28 [IQR, 13-28] vs 25 [IQR 4-28]; mean difference, 3 days [95% CI, 0-7]; P = .04). The rate of in-hospital mortality was 24% in the helmet group and 25% in the high-flow nasal oxygen group (absolute difference, -1% [95% CI, -17% to 15%]; P > .99). Conclusions and Relevance Among patients with COVID-19 and moderate to severe hypoxemia, treatment with helmet noninvasive ventilation, compared with high-flow nasal oxygen, resulted in no significant difference in the number of days free of respiratory support within 28 days. Further research is warranted to determine effects on other outcomes, including the need for endotracheal intubation. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04502576.

Effect of flow and cannula size on generated pressure during nasal high flow.

Pinkham M, Tatkov S. Effect of flow and cannula size on generated pressure during nasal high flow. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):248. Published 2020 May 24. doi:10.1186/s13054-020-02980-w

Nasal high-flow bronchodilator nebulization: a randomized cross-over study.

Reminiac F, Vecellio L, Bodet-Contentin L, et al. Nasal high-flow bronchodilator nebulization: a randomized cross-over study. Ann Intensive Care. 2018;8(1):128. Published 2018 Dec 20. doi:10.1186/s13613-018-0473-8

BACKGROUND There is an absence of controlled clinical data showing bronchodilation effectiveness after nebulization via nasal high-flow therapy circuits. RESULTS Twenty-five patients with reversible airflow obstruction received, in a randomized order: (1) 2.5 mg albuterol delivered via a jet nebulizer with a facial mask; (2) 2.5 mg albuterol delivered via a vibrating mesh nebulizer placed downstream of a nasal high-flow humidification chamber (30 L/min and 37 °C); and (3) nasal high-flow therapy without nebulization. All three conditions induced significant individual increases in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) compared to baseline. The median change was similar after facial mask nebulization [+ 350 mL (+ 180; + 550); + 18% (+ 8; + 30)] and nasal high flow with nebulization [+ 330 mL (+ 140; + 390); + 16% (+ 5; + 24)], p = 0.11. However, it was significantly lower after nasal high-flow therapy without nebulization [+ 50 mL (- 10; + 220); + 3% (- 1; + 8)], p = 0.0009. FEV1 increases after facial mask and nasal high-flow nebulization as well as residual volume decreases were well correlated (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.01). Both techniques showed good agreement in terms of airflow obstruction reversibility (kappa 0.60). CONCLUSION Albuterol vibrating mesh nebulization within a nasal high-flow circuit induces similar bronchodilation to standard facial mask jet nebulization. Beyond pharmacological bronchodilation, nasal high flow by itself may induce small but significant bronchodilation.

High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure.

Frat JP, Thille AW, Mercat A, et al. High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(23):2185-2196. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1503326

BACKGROUND Whether noninvasive ventilation should be administered in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure is debated. Therapy with high-flow oxygen through a nasal cannula may offer an alternative in patients with hypoxemia. METHODS We performed a multicenter, open-label trial in which we randomly assigned patients without hypercapnia who had acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and a ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen of 300 mm Hg or less to high-flow oxygen therapy, standard oxygen therapy delivered through a face mask, or noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients intubated at day 28; secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality in the intensive care unit and at 90 days and the number of ventilator-free days at day 28. RESULTS A total of 310 patients were included in the analyses. The intubation rate (primary outcome) was 38% (40 of 106 patients) in the high-flow-oxygen group, 47% (44 of 94) in the standard group, and 50% (55 of 110) in the noninvasive-ventilation group (P=0.18 for all comparisons). The number of ventilator-free days at day 28 was significantly higher in the high-flow-oxygen group (24±8 days, vs. 22±10 in the standard-oxygen group and 19±12 in the noninvasive-ventilation group; P=0.02 for all comparisons). The hazard ratio for death at 90 days was 2.01 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 3.99) with standard oxygen versus high-flow oxygen (P=0.046) and 2.50 (95% CI, 1.31 to 4.78) with noninvasive ventilation versus high-flow oxygen (P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS In patients with nonhypercapnic acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, treatment with high-flow oxygen, standard oxygen, or noninvasive ventilation did not result in significantly different intubation rates. There was a significant difference in favor of high-flow oxygen in 90-day mortality. (Funded by the Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique Interrégional 2010 of the French Ministry of Health; FLORALI ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01320384.).

Effect of High-Flow Oxygen Therapy vs Conventional Oxygen Therapy on Invasive Mechanical Ventilation and Clinical Recovery in Patients With Severe COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Ospina-Tascón GA, Calderón-Tapia LE, García AF, et al. Effect of High-Flow Oxygen Therapy vs Conventional Oxygen Therapy on Invasive Mechanical Ventilation and Clinical Recovery in Patients With Severe COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial [published correction appears in JAMA. 2022 Mar 15;327(11):1093]. JAMA. 2021;326(21):2161-2171. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.20714

IMPORTANCE The effect of high-flow oxygen therapy vs conventional oxygen therapy has not been established in the setting of severe COVID-19. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of high-flow oxygen therapy through a nasal cannula compared with conventional oxygen therapy on need for endotracheal intubation and clinical recovery in severe COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized, open-label clinical trial conducted in emergency and intensive care units in 3 hospitals in Colombia. A total of 220 adults with respiratory distress and a ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen of less than 200 due to COVID-19 were randomized from August 2020 to January 2021, with last follow-up on February 10, 2021. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomly assigned to receive high-flow oxygen through a nasal cannula (n = 109) or conventional oxygen therapy (n = 111). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The co-primary outcomes were need for intubation and time to clinical recovery until day 28 as assessed by a 7-category ordinal scale (range, 1-7, with higher scores indicating a worse condition). Effects of treatments were calculated with a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for hypoxemia severity, age, and comorbidities. RESULTS Among 220 randomized patients, 199 were included in the analysis (median age, 60 years; n = 65 women [32.7%]). Intubation occurred in 34 (34.3%) randomized to high-flow oxygen therapy and in 51 (51.0%) randomized to conventional oxygen therapy (hazard ratio, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.39-0.96; P = .03). The median time to clinical recovery within 28 days was 11 (IQR, 9-14) days in patients randomized to high-flow oxygen therapy vs 14 (IQR, 11-19) days in those randomized to conventional oxygen therapy (hazard ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.00-1.92; P = .047). Suspected bacterial pneumonia occurred in 13 patients (13.1%) randomized to high-flow oxygen and in 17 (17.0%) of those randomized to conventional oxygen therapy, while bacteremia was detected in 7 (7.1%) vs 11 (11.0%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among patients with severe COVID-19, use of high-flow oxygen through a nasal cannula significantly decreased need for mechanical ventilation support and time to clinical recovery compared with conventional low-flow oxygen therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04609462.

Predicting nasal high-flow therapy failure by pediatric respiratory rate-oxygenation index and pediatric respiratory rate-oxygenation index variation in children.

Yildizdas D, Yontem A, Iplik G, Horoz OO, Ekinci F. Predicting nasal high-flow therapy failure by pediatric respiratory rate-oxygenation index and pediatric respiratory rate-oxygenation index variation in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(4):1099-1106. doi:10.1007/s00431-020-03847-6

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate whether pediatric respiratory rate-oxygenation index (p-ROXI) and variation in p-ROXI (p-ROXV) can serve as objective markers in children with high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) failure. In this prospective, single-center observational study, all patients who received HFNC therapy in the general pediatrics ward, pediatric intensive care unit, and the pediatric emergency department were included. High-flow nasal cannula success was achieved for 116 (88.5%) patients. At 24 h, if both p-ROXI and p-ROXV values were above the cutoff point (≥ 66.7 and ≥ 24.0, respectively), HFNC failure was 1.9% and 40.6% if both were below their values (p < 0.001). At 48 h of HFNC initiation, if both p-ROXI and p-ROXV values were above the cutoff point (≥ 65.1 and ≥ 24.6, respectively), HFNC failure was 0.0%; if both were below these values, HFNC failure was 100% (p < 0.001).Conclusion: We observed that these parameters can be used as good markers in pediatric clinics to predict the risk of HFNC failure in patients with acute respiratory failure. What is Known: • Optimal timing for transitions between invasive and noninvasive ventilation strategies is of significant importance. • The complexity of data requires an objective marker that can be evaluated quickly and easily at the patient's bedside for predicting HFNC failure in children with acute respiratory failure. What is New: • Our data showed that combining p-ROXI and p-ROXV can be successful in predicting HFNC failure at 24 and 48 h of therapy.

A Randomized Trial of High-Flow Oxygen Therapy in Infants with Bronchiolitis.

Franklin D, Babl FE, Schlapbach LJ, et al. A Randomized Trial of High-Flow Oxygen Therapy in Infants with Bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(12):1121-1131. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1714855

BACKGROUND High-flow oxygen therapy through a nasal cannula has been increasingly used in infants with bronchiolitis, despite limited high-quality evidence of its efficacy. The efficacy of high-flow oxygen therapy through a nasal cannula in settings other than intensive care units (ICUs) is unclear. METHODS In this multicenter, randomized, controlled trial, we assigned infants younger than 12 months of age who had bronchiolitis and a need for supplemental oxygen therapy to receive either high-flow oxygen therapy (high-flow group) or standard oxygen therapy (standard-therapy group). Infants in the standard-therapy group could receive rescue high-flow oxygen therapy if their condition met criteria for treatment failure. The primary outcome was escalation of care due to treatment failure (defined as meeting ≥3 of 4 clinical criteria: persistent tachycardia, tachypnea, hypoxemia, and medical review triggered by a hospital early-warning tool). Secondary outcomes included duration of hospital stay, duration of oxygen therapy, and rates of transfer to a tertiary hospital, ICU admission, intubation, and adverse events. RESULTS The analyses included 1472 patients. The percentage of infants receiving escalation of care was 12% (87 of 739 infants) in the high-flow group, as compared with 23% (167 of 733) in the standard-therapy group (risk difference, -11 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, -15 to -7; P<0.001). No significant differences were observed in the duration of hospital stay or the duration of oxygen therapy. In each group, one case of pneumothorax (<1% of infants) occurred. Among the 167 infants in the standard-therapy group who had treatment failure, 102 (61%) had a response to high-flow rescue therapy. CONCLUSIONS Among infants with bronchiolitis who were treated outside an ICU, those who received high-flow oxygen therapy had significantly lower rates of escalation of care due to treatment failure than those in the group that received standard oxygen therapy. (Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council and others; Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number, ACTRN12613000388718 .).

Reduced intubation rates for infants after introduction of high-flow nasal prong oxygen delivery.

Schibler A, Pham TM, Dunster KR, et al. Reduced intubation rates for infants after introduction of high-flow nasal prong oxygen delivery. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(5):847-852. doi:10.1007/s00134-011-2177-5

PURPOSE To describe the change in ventilatory practice in a tertiary paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in the 5-year period after the introduction of high-flow nasal prong (HFNP) therapy in infants <24 months of age. Additionally, to identify the patient subgroups on HFNP requiring escalation of therapy to either other non-invasive or invasive ventilation, and to identify any adverse events associated with HFNP therapy. METHODS The study was a retrospective chart review of infants <24 months of age admitted to our PICU for HFNP therapy. Data was also extracted from both the local database and the Australian New Zealand paediatric intensive care (ANZPIC) registry for all infants admitted with bronchiolitis. RESULTS Between January 2005 and December 2009, a total of 298 infants <24 months of age received HFNP therapy. Overall, 36 infants (12%) required escalation to invasive ventilation. In the subgroup with a primary diagnosis of viral bronchiolitis (n = 167, 56%), only 6 (4%) required escalation to invasive ventilation. The rate of intubation in infants with viral bronchiolitis reduced from 37% to 7% over the observation period corresponding with an increase in the use of HFNP therapy. No adverse events were identified with the use of HFNP therapy. CONCLUSION HFNP therapy has dramatically changed ventilatory practice in infants <24 months of age in our institution, and appears to reduce the need for intubation in infants with viral bronchiolitis.